1200 | The 13th Century. |
1200s | Gunpowder (black powder) is reputed to be invented by the Chinese. |
1214-1292 | Roger Bacon. An early English experimenter with black powder. |
1240 | The Battle of Ain Jalut, first recorded use of cannon. |
1248 | Roger Bacon describes the composition of black powder. |
1300 | The 14th Century. |
1346 | Gunpowder manufactured in the Tower of London. |
1400 | The 15th Century. |
1430 | The culverin, a two-man hand-held cannon, fielded by the French. |
1440s | The Janissary corps of the Ottoman army were using matchlock arms. |
1500 | The 16th Century. |
1500s | The Damascus barrel developed in the Near East. |
Circa 1500 | The button lock was the first improvement on the match lock, and the first "trigger." |
Late 1500s | Spring air guns were invented. |
1503 | Spain uses the "pike and shot" formation in the Battle of Cerignola, the first battle won by gunpowder-based small arms. |
Circa 1517 | The wheellock was invented in Nuremburg. |
1526 | Fabbrica D'Armi Pietro Beretta S.p.A is formed in Italy. Oldest continuously operating manufacturer in the world. |
Circa 1580 | The Snaphaunce flintlocks were developed. |
1600 | The 17th Century. |
Early 1600s | Pneumatic air guns introduced. |
1600s | The blunderbus was introduced. |
Circa 1600 | The dog lock, which featured a safety to secure the half cock position, was developed. |
1639 | Rhode Island colony passed law limiting deer season. |
1700 | The 18th Century. |
1750 | Contriner of Vienna designed a 15 shot compressed air gun. |
1750 | The first Kentucky rifles were manufactured on the American frontier. |
1758-1836 | Ezekiel Baker. English gunsmith who produced the Baker rifle. |
1760s | The "Brown Bess" British musket was standardized. |
1761-1883 | Nicholas Noel Boutet. A famous French gunsmith known for his artistic decoration of firearms. |
1763 | Eli Whitney founded the Whitney Arms Company, which applied mass production techniques to rifle manufacture. |
1775 | John Wilkinson builds the first true boring machine, making bored rifle barrels possible. |
1775 | Committees of Safety began providing arms to American patriots. |
4-19-1775 | British Redcoats and Minutemen at Concord, Massachusetts fire the "shot heard 'round the world." |
9-9-1776 | The first rifles were issued with the mark "U.S." |
1777 | Springfield Armory founded as the first U.S. federal armory to manufacture firearms. |
Circa 1779 | Girandoni air rifle invented. First repeating rifle in military service, first tubular magazine. |
1780-1815 | Girandoni air rifle in service with the Austrian Army, the first repeating rifle in military service |
1786-1868 | Henry Deringer, Jr. He developed the short-barreled, powerful pistol which became the "Derringer." Note the shift in spelling. |
12-15-1791 | The Second Amendment to the U.S. Constitution adopted to protect the right to keep and bear arms. |
5-2-1792 | The First Militia Act gave the U.S. President authority to call on the states' militias. |
5-8-1792 | The Second Militia Act provided for organizing state militias. |
1800 | The 19th Century. |
c1800-1893 | Hiram Berdan. Army officer and arms maker who invented the Berdan primer and perfected a method of drawing brass to make the first centerfire cartridge. |
1802 | The Baker flintlock rifle introduced in England. |
1804-1806 | The Lewis and Clark Expedition armed with a Girandoni air rifle surveyed the continent west of the U.S. |
1804-1806 | The Lewis and Clark Expedition armed with a Girandoni air rifle surveyed the continent west of the U.S. |
1805-1879 | Jonathan Browning, an American gunmaker and father of John Moses Browning. |
1808-1871 | Ethan Allen. A gunmaker, he was famous for pepperbox pistols. (Not the Revolutionary War Allen) |
1809-1870 | Robert Adams. The English gunmakers 5 shot self cocking revolver competed with the more famous Colt. |
1811-1873 | Horace E. Dimick. American gunmaker noted for guns used in the Old West. |
1811 | The Hall rifle was patented. It is considered the first successful breechloader. |
1813 | Joseph G. Chambers patented the Chambers system, which allowed several cartridges to be loaded in a firearm so that the ignition of one set off the next, an early "automatic." |
1814-1862 | Samuel Colt. American firearm designer and manufacturer best known for the Colt revolver. |
1816 | Eliphalet Remington, Jr. made his first rifle; the beginning of the Remington Arms Company. |
1819-1894 | Alexander Henry. He invented the rifling system for the Martini-Henry Rifle. |
1822 | The percussion cap was patented in the U.S. |
1823-1898 | Edward M. Boxer. In the 1860s invented the Boxer primer. |
1823-1894 | James Henry Burton. American gunmaker best known for perfecting the Minie ball. |
1831 | The first Colt revolvers were manufactured. |
1833-1905 | Antoine Alphonse Chassepot. French gunmaker known for inventing the Chassepot needle gun. |
1834 | Slide-action repeater produced by Jonathan Browning in Quincy, Illinois. |
1835 | Samuel Colt patented the Colt revolver in England, the first revolver with the cylinder revolved and locked by cocking the hammer. |
1836 | Samuel Colt patented the Colt revolver in the U.S. |
1837 | George Elgin patented the Elgin cutlass pistol. |
1838 | Epentus A. Bennett and Frederick Haviland patent their breechloading rifle. |
1838-1914 | Peter Paul Mauser. Invented the Mauser action. |
1838 | Frederick Haviland and Epentus A. Bennett patent their breechloading rifle. |
1840 | The Prussian Army adopted the Dreyse needle gun. |
1848-1904 | Ferdinand Ritter von Mannlicher, Austrian engineer and small armaments designer, particularly noted for inventing the en-bloc clip charger-loading magazine system |
1851 | Dr. Edward Maynard introduced a cartridge consisting of a brass tube with powder and bullet. The tube had a hole in the side where the powder was ignited. |
1851 | Christian Sharps founded the Sharps Rifle Manufacturing Company. |
1852 | Jonathan Browning, father of John Moses Browning, established his gunsmihing shop in Ogden Utah. |
1852 | Christian Sharps invented the disk primer. |
1853 | The Royal Enfield Manufactury of Great Britain began production of Enfield rifles and carbines. |
1854 | Daniel Baird Wesson and Horace Smith manufacture the Volcanic Action Repeating Pistol, the first practical pistol with self-contained ammunition. |
1854 | Daniel Baird Wesson and Horace Smith manufacture the Volcanic Action Repeating Pistol, the first practical pistol with self-contained ammunition. |
1855 | Sir Henry Bessimer invented Bessimer steel. |
1855 | Rollin White patented a revolver with chambers bored end-to-end through the cylinder. The design led to the Smith & Wesson cartridge revolver. |
1855-1926 | John Moses Browning. He was the inventor of more successful firearms than any other American, including the Browning Automatic Rifle and the Browning machine-gun. |
1856 | Ambrose Everett Burnside invented the Burnside breechloading percussion rifle. |
1856 | The LeMat, a Civil War Confederate revolver with a shotgun barrel, patented by Jean Alexander Francois LeMat. |
1859 | Smith & Wesson produced the first complete rimfire cartridge. |
1860-1926 | Annie Oakley Butler. A famous rifle shot who appeared in the U.S. and Europe with the Buffalo Bill Wild West Show. |
1860 | Oliver F. Winchester started the New Haven Arms Company, which later became the Winchester Repeating Arms Company. At one time it was the biggest arms manufacturer in the world. |
1860 | B. Tyler Henry patented the .44 Henry Rifle. |
1861 | Hiram Berdan became Colonel of the 1st United States Sharpshooters. |
1861 | C.H. Ballard patented the breechloading Ballard rifle. |
1865 | U.S. military issues the U.S. Rifle Model 1865 using the cam lock designed by E.S. Allen. |
1866 | The French Army adopted the Chassepot rifle, a breech loading, bolt action needle gun. |
1868 | Air hardened steel developed by Robert F. Mushet. |
1868 | Charles Parker manufactured the first Parker shotguns. |
1869 | Marcellus Hartley and Col. Henry Berdan developed the first centerfire cartridge. |
1869 | Col. Henry Berdan and Marcellus Hartley developed the first centerfire cartridge. |
1869 | John Wesley Hyatt patented a nitrocellulose plastic,"Celluloid." |
1870 | J.M. Marlin founded Marlin Firearms Company in New Haven Connecticut. |
1871 | The Iver Johnson Arms and Cycle Works was founded in Worcester, Massachusetts. |
1871 | The Colt House Pistol was the first revolver designed for cartridges. |
11-17-1871 | The National Rifle Association was chartered in New York. |
1872 | Anson forend, used to fasten double barrel shotgun barrels, developed by William Anson. |
1873-1940 | The Colt Single Action Army revolver, also known as the "Peacemaker" was in initial production. It has since been reintroduced to the Colt line. |
4-25-1873 | First shots fired at the NRA's first shooting range at Creedmoor, New York. |
6-21-1873 | First NRA shooting match held at Creedmoor. |
1874 | Harrington & Richardson, Inc. established by Gilbert Harrington and William Richardson. |
1874 | Harrington & Richardson, Inc. established by Gilbert Harrington and William Richardson. |
3-27-1876 | United States v. Cruikshank decided, ruling that the Second Amendment "has no other effect than to restrict the powers of the national government." |
1877 | The Colt Lightning was the first practical double action revolver. |
10-7-1879 | John Browning patented his first firearm, a single-shot falling-block rifle. |
1880 | Clay pigeon targets patented in the U.S. by George Likowsky. |
1885 | Ferdinand Ritter von Mannlicher designs the M1885, the first successful semiauto |
1885 | Ferdinand Mannlicher developed the en-bloc clip charger-loading magazine system |
1886 | Joshua Stevens incorporated the J. Stevens Arms and Tool Company. |
1-4-1886 | Presser v. Illinois decided, reaffirming the Cruikshank decision that the Second Amendment acts as a limitation upon only the federal government. |
1887 | The Model 1887 lever action, the first truly successful repeating shotgun, designed by John Browning for Winchester Arms, |
1887 | Swedish defence adopted Nagants 7.5 mm black powder Revolver. |
1889 | Fabrique Nationale d'Armes de Guerre established in 1889 in Herstal, Belgium |
1890 | The French military adopted the Berthier bolt action rifle. |
1890 | Hugo Borchardt, an American inventor, developed a successful self-loading pistol with a toggle bolt, the forerunner of the Luger. |
1891 | The Italian Army adopted the Mannlicher-Carcano, the first Italian smokeless powder rifle. |
9-1-1891 | Last NRA shooting match held at Creedmoor. |
9-5-1892 | First NRA shooting match held at Sea Girt Range, New Jersey. |
1893 | Theodore Bergmann, a German inventor, patented an automatic pistol. |
1894 | Swedish cavalry adopted Mauser 1894 small ring carbine in 6.5x55mm. |
1894 | Arthur W. Savage incorporated the Savage Arms Company. |
1894 | John Browning designed the Model 1894 lever action rifle for Winchester. More have been produced than any centerfire sporting rifle in history. |
1895 | .30 W.C.F. (.30-30 Winchester, first sporting cartridge designed expressly for smokeless powder. |
1895 | Enfield rifling adopted for the British .303 Lee-Enfield rifle. |
1895 | The Interstate Association formed to regulate trap shooting. Became the American Trapshooting Association. |
1895 | The Colt-Browning M1895, (Potato digger) machine gun by John Browning, was one of the first successful gas operated machine guns. |
1895 | North Dakota required hunters to buy licenses. |
1896 | Swedish defence adopted Mauser 1894 small ring rifle in 6.5x55. |
1897 | The Model 1897, the first truly successful pump shotgun, designed by John Browning for Winchester Arms, |
1898 | The Browning Automatic 5, designed by John Browning, was the first successful semi-automatic shotgun. |
1900 | The 20th Century. |
1900 | Congress passed law prohibiting shipping wild game across state lines. |
6-12-1900 | The first trap throwing of clay pigeons took place in New York. |
1902 | The 1902 Colt Military Automatic Pistol was used by the U.S. Navy while waiting for the Model 1911. |
1903 | The Springfield Rifle, Model 1903, adopted by the U.S. military. |
1904 | Theodore Roosevelt made the biological survey a bureau. |
1906 | U.S. military adopts .30-06 cartridge for use in M1903 Springfield rifle. |
8-27-1906 | First NRA Junior matches held at Sea Girt Range. |
9-5-1906 | Mrs. Elizabeth Topperwein becomes the first woman to enter an official NRA shooting match, and received a National Marksmans Reserve medal. |
9-5-1906 | Last NRA national matches held at Sea Girt. |
1907 | J. Browning pistol Model 1903 adopted by Swedish defence in 9mm long. |
8-19-1907 | First NRA national matches held at Camp Perry, Ohio. |
1908 | The .32 caliber Austrian Scharzlose was introduced. It is the only commercially produced blow forward action. |
1908 | The first organized trapshooting tournaments were held. |
1911 | The Model 1911 in .45 ACP, designed by John Browning, adopted by the U.S. military. |
1917 | The U.S. Rifle, Model 1917, or American Enfield, produced as a modification of the British rifle to allow use of American ammunition. |
1918 | The Browning Automatic Rifle, designed by John Browning, adopted by the U.S. military. |
1919 | American Ordinance Association founded. |
1921 | The Browning .50 Caliber Machine Gun, (Ma Deuce), designed by John Browning, entered U.S. military service. It remains in service, the longest serving firearm iin history. |
1921 | The Colt .45 automatic was modified and became the Model 1911 A1. |
1923 | New Hampshire Concealed Carry law passes. |
Apr. 1925 | The comparison microscope was first used in firearms identification. |
1928 | Seth Gordon wrote the Code of Outdoor Ethics for the Isaac Walton League. |
1929 | Production rights for the Cutts compensator were bought by the Lyman Gun Sight Company from the inventor, Col. Richard M. Cutts. |
1929 | Migratory Bird Conservation Act passed. |
1929 | John C. Garand developed the M-1 semiautomatic rifle. |
1930 | First known release of exotics, nilgai antelope, in Texas. |
1933 | Western Cartridge Company manufactured ball powder, which is less erosive on barrels. |
1933 | Aldo Leopold became the first professor of game management. |
1934 | Migratory Bird Hunting Stamp Act passed. |
1934 | The Beretta 9mm became the official handgun of the Italian military. |
6-26-1934 | National Firearms Act regulated machineguns, silencers, and short-barreled rifles and shotguns. |
1935 | Lathis pistol was adopted by the Finish army and mfg at Valmeth. |
1936 | Alabama Concealed Carry law passes. |
1936 | U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service formed. |
1936 | The Enfield revolver adopted as the official pistol of the British Army. |
1-9-1936 | US Military adopts self-loading M-1 Rifle, designed by John C. Garand at Springfield Armory. |
1937 | Pittman-Robertson Federal Aid Restoration Act passed to provide funds for wildlife management by taxing firearms and ammunition. |
1939 | Walter P.38 adopted by Swedish army. |
5-15-1939 | United States v. Miller decided upholding the National Firearms Act, ruling that a short-barrelled shotgun is not a militia weapon. |
1940 | Lathis pistol was adopted by the Swedish defence and manufacturing started in Husqvarna factories. |
1940 | Swedish army adopted Mauser 1898 in 8x63mm. |
1942 | Swedish army adopted Ljungman automatic rifle in 6.5x55. |
1945 | Russian Military adopts Sergei Gavrilovich Simonov's SKS rifle as the SKS-45. |
1946 | American Single Shot Rifle Association founded. |
1946 | Hunter Education started in a Kentucky statewide youth program. |
1947 | Russian military adopts the AK-47. |
1948 | NRA began providing a temporary supply of hunter safety instructors. |
1949 | New York starts first mandatory hunter safety program. |
1950 | Dingell-Johnson Act passed to produce funds for fisheries management. |
1954 | California hunter education program became mandatory. |
1955 | The first replica black powder firearms were manufactured by Turner Kirkland of Dixie Gun Works. |
1955 | Arizona hunter education program became mandatory. |
1956 | Rhode Island hunter education program became mandatory. |
1956 | South Dakota hunter education program became mandatory. |
Mar. 1956 | The Army Marksmanship Unit was formed. |
1957 | Connecticut hunter education program became mandatory. |
1957 | Washington hunter education program became mandatory. |
1958 | Montana hunter education program became mandatory. |
1958 | Navy Arms Company founded to manufacture replica arms. The first to use stainless steel in replicas. |
1959 | The first M-16 Rifles were delivered to the U.S. Army. |
1961 | Washington Concealed Carry law passes. |
1962 | Oregon hunter education program became mandatory. |
1963 | New Hampshire hunter education program became mandatory. |
1966 | Endangered Species Act passed. |
6-23-1966 | Holless Wilbur Allen, Jr. applies for patent on the compound bow |
1-29-1968 | Haynes v. United States decided, ruling that the Fifth Amendment exempts felons and other prohibited possessors from any U.S. gun registration scheme. |
6-19-1968 | Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act prohibited interstate trade in handguns and increased the minimum age to 21 for buying handguns. |
10-22-1968 | Gun Control Act of 1968 signed into law, requiring serial numbers, limiting interstate firearm sales, denying ownership by felons and others, and limiting importation of "non-sporting" guns. |
10-22-1968 | Gun Control Act of 1968 signed into law, requiring serial numbers, limiting interstate firearm sales, denying ownership by felons and others, and limiting importation of "non-sporting" guns. |
1969 | Connecticut Handgun Review Board created to control arbitrary concealed carry denials. |
1969 | National Environmental Protection Act passed. |
1969 | Pennsylvania hunter education program became mandatory. |
1970 | Environmental Protection Agency founded. |
1970 | Colorado hunter education program became mandatory. |
1970 | Delaware hunter education program became mandatory. |
1970 | 10% tax on handguns was added to Pittman-Robertson funding. |
5-4-1970 | Four students were killed and nine wounded by National Guard troops called in to quell anti-war protests |
5-14-1970 | At Jackson State College, Jackson City Police and Mississippi Highway Patrol officers opened fire on a group of somewhat violent student protesters, killing two students and injuring twelve. |
1971 | Michigan hunter education program became mandatory. |
1971 | Connecticut Valley Arms manufactures a replica black powder firearm. |
1972 | New Jersey hunter education program became mandatory. |
1972 | New Mexico hunter education program became mandatory. |
1972 | 11% tax on archery equipment added to Pittman-Robertson funding. |
1973 | Kansas hunter education program became mandatory. |
1973 | Nevada hunter education program became mandatory. |
1975 | Vermont hunter education program became mandatory. |
1976 | Remington introduced the Accelerator cartridge, using a sabot to shoot a small caliber high-velocity bullet. |
1976 | Georgia passes concealed carry law that becomes the model for Florida. |
1976 | Illinois hunter education program became mandatory. |
1976 | Nebraska hunter education program became mandatory. |
1977 | Maryland hunter education program became mandatory. |
1978 | Georgia hunter education program became mandatory. |
1979 | North Dakota hunter education program became mandatory. |
1979 | Ohio hunter education program became mandatory. |
1979 | Wyoming hunter education program became mandatory. |
1980 | Indiana Concealed Carry law passes. |
1980 | Idaho hunter education program became mandatory. |
1983 | Iowa hunter education program became mandatory. |
Fall 1984 | American Shooting Coaches Association formed; became the International Shooting Coaches Association. |
1984 | Mississippi hunter education program became mandatory. |
1984 | The first Olympic 10K biathlon and 30K relay biathlon. |
1985 | Maine concealed Carry law passes. |
1985 | North Dakota Concealed Carry law passes. |
1985 | Arkansas hunter education program became mandatory. |
1985 | Louisiana hunter education program became mandatory. |
1985 | Tennessee hunter education program became mandatory. |
1985 | Wisconsin hunter education program became mandatory. |
1986 | South Dakota Concealed Carry law passes. |
1986 | Maine hunter education program became mandatory. |
5-19-1986 | Firearm Owners Protection Act passed, providing for "safe passage" through gun control jurisdictions and prohibiting national gun registration. |
1987 | Florida Concealed Carry law becomes effective. |
1988 | Missouri hunter education program became mandatory. |
1988 | Oklahoma hunter education program became mandatory. |
1988 | Texas hunter education program became mandatory. |
1988 | Virginia hunter education program became mandatory. |
1989 | Oregon Concealed Carry law passes. |
1989 | Pennsylvania Concealed Carry law passes (except for Philadelphia). |
1989 | West Virginia Concealed Carry law passes. |
1990 | The .40 S&W cartridge introduced. |
1990 | Idaho Concealed Carry law passes. |
1990 | Mississippi Concealed Carry law passes. |
1990 | Hawaii hunter education program became mandatory. |
11-29-1990 | The Gun-Free School Zones Act enacted, using the Commerce Clause to ban guns in and around schools. Later found unconstitutional. |
1991 | Montana Concealed Carry law passes. |
1991 | Florida hunter education program became mandatory. |
1991 | Kentucky hunter education program became mandatory. |
1991 | North Carolina hunter education program became mandatory. |
11-30-1993 | President Bill Clinton signed the Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act creating a U.S. national background check system for firearms. |
1994 | Alaska Concealed Carry law passes. |
1994 | Arizona Concealed Carry law passes. |
1994 | Tennessee Concealed Carry law passes. |
1994 | Wyoming Concealed Carry law passes. |
2-28-1994 | The Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act went into effect, creating a U.S. national background check system for firearms, and instituting a 5-day waiting period on handguns. |
9-13-1994 | The Federal Assault Weapons Ban passed, creating a definition of "assault weapon," banning new sales for 10 years, and limiting magazines to 10 rounds. |
1995 | Arkansas Concealed Carry law passes. |
1995 | North Carolina Concealed Carry law passes. |
1995 | Nevada Concealed Carry law passes. |
1995 | Oklahoma Concealed Carry law passes. |
1995 | Philidelphia brought under Pennsylvania Concealed Carry law. |
1995 | Utah Concealed Carry law passes. |
1995 | Virginia Concealed Carry law passes. |
4-26-1995 | United States v. Lopez decided, holding that the Gun-Free School Zones Act was unconstitutional. |
9-1-1995 | Texas begins CHL training. |
1996 | Kentucky Concealed Carry law passes. |
1996 | Louisiana Concealed Carry law passes. |
1996 | South Carolina Concealed Carry law passes. |
1-1-1996 | Texas Concealed Carry law becomes effective. |
1996 | West Virginia Concealed Carry law passes again, having been struck down by the state Supreme Court. |
9-30-1997 | Domestic Violence Offender Gun Ban (Lautenberg Amendment) went into effect, prohibiting firearms possession by persons convicted of domestic violence misdemeanors or under protective orders. |
6-27-1997 | Printz v. United States was decided, ruling that the Brady Law requirement for local law enforcement to run background checks for gun purchases was unconstitutional. |
11-30-1998 | The Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act 5-day waiting period on handguns expired as the National Instant Check System came online. |
2000 | The 21st Century. |
1-1-2000 | California handgun testing law went into effect |
7-1-2001 | Michigan concealed carry law becomes effective. |
5-17-2002 | Colorado concealed carry law becomes effective. |
2003 | Minnesota concealed carry law passed. |
6-11-2003 | Alaska no-license carry passed. |
10-11-2003 | Missouri concealed carry law becomes effective. |
11-26-2003 | New Mexico concealed carry law becomes effective. |
2004 | Ohio concealed carry law passed. |
9-13-2004 | The Federal Assault Weapons Ban expired. |
2006 | Iowa concealed carry law passed. |
4-5-2006 | Nebraska concealed carry law passed. |
1-1-2007 | Kansas concealed carry law becomes effective. |
May, 2007 | Chris Brown starts Students for Concealed Carry on Campus. |
3-18-2008 | Oral arguments before the Supreme Court in Heller v. D.C. |
6-27-2008 | Supreme Court defines Second Amendment as an individual right in Heller v. D.C. |
5-22-2009 | Congress passed law allowing firearms in U.S. National Parks and National Wildlife Refuges, as permitted by state laws. |
12-16-2009 | Congress passed law requiring Amtrak to allow firearms to be checked in baggage. |
2-22-2010 | Firearms allowed in U.S. National Parks and National Wildlife Refuges, as permitted by state laws. |
3-2-2010 | Oral arguments before the Supreme Court in McDonald v. Chicago. |
6-28-2010 | Supreme Court incorporates Second Amendment against the states in McDonald v. Chicago. |
7-29-2010 | Arizona no-license carry in effect. |
12-15-2010 | Wicker Amendment allows Amtrak passengers to check their firearms. |
7-1-2011 | Wyoming no-license carry in effect. |
11-1-2011 | Wisconsin shall-issue concealed carry law in effect. |
7-9-2013 | Illinois overrode their governor's veto to pass a shall-issue concealed carry bill, becoming the last state to have concealed carry. |